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Cell Biology

ISBN: 9788195237258

Edition: First

Author : Veer Bala Rastogi

Year: 2023

Pages: 528

Publisher Name: Medtech

Rs. 0.00

Rs. 495.00

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The aim in presenting this book to the undergraduate and postgraduate students to various Indian Universities is to provide them with an accurate and understandable matter on cell biology.

The book is up-to-date with the addition of new material and also an attempt has been made to incorporate all the latest information. The contents have been developed to help honours and postgraduate students and also for the students of biotechnology.

The subject matter in the present edition has been organized in such a way to match the syllabi of different universities. Effort has been made to make the book a ready reckoner on the subject. The chapters on Cytological Techniques, Plasma Membrane, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Chromosomes, Nucleic Acids, Protein Biosynthesis, Cell Growth, Ageing and Cancer cover latest and up-to-date information. In addition to cell morphology, physiological aspect of the cell has also been covered. Many figures have been added to make them more simple and in line with subject matter. Electron photographs of some subcellular structures have also been incorporated. Cytological techniques have been made more illustrative and simple.

A glossary has been made in the end of the book so as to enable the students to learn the meaning and origin of the words used in the text. The diagrams are specially designed for clarity and simplicity.

1. Introduction to Cell Biology 1–11

Introduction.........................................................................................................................

Discovery of Cell ................................................................................................................

Emergence of Modern Cell Biology..................................................................................

Cytology and Other Biological Sciences ..........................................................................

2. Organization of Cell .................................................................

Introduction.......................................................................................................................

History of Cell....................................................................................................................

Cell Theory.........................................................................................................................

Cell as a Self-Contained or Autonomous Body.............................................................

Cellular Totipotency..........................................................................................................

Diversity in Size and Shape of Cells................................................................................

Types of Cells.....................................................................................................................

1. Prokaryotic Cells or Prokaryons Bacterial Cell, Cynobacteria,

Pleuropneumonia-like Organism .........................................................................

2. Eukaryotic Cells or Eukaryons...............................................................................

Viruses : An Exception to Cell Structure .......................................................................

Viroids and Prions.............................................................................................................

3. Chemistry of Living Matter—The Protoplasm.........................

Protoplasm ........................................................................................................................

Cellular Pool......................................................................................................................

Biomolecules......................................................................................................................

I. Water.........................................................................................................................

II. Inorganic Substances.............................................................................................

III. Organic Molecules..................................................................................................

1. Carbohydrates..............................................................................................................

2. Lipids...............................................................................................................................

Contents

3. Proteins...........................................................................................................................

4. Nucleic Acids .................................................................................................................

Watson and Crick’s Model of DNA (Molecular Structure of DNA).......................

5. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)..............................................................................................

6. Enzymes..........................................................................................................................

Holoenzymes and Apoenzymes..................................................................................

Isozymes.........................................................................................................................

7. Vitamins .........................................................................................................................

Regulatory Substances.................................................................................................

Prostaglandins..............................................................................................................

4. Cell Membrane..............................

Biomembranes...................................................................................................................

Ultrastructure of Biomembranes.....................................................................................

Significance of Biomembranes.....................................................................................

Plasma Membrane...........................................................................................................

Ultrastructure...................................................................................................................

Chemical Composition...................................................................................................

Evolution of Molecular Structure (Models of Plasma Membrane)...........................

Fluid Mosaic Model of Plasma Membrane ..................................................................

Membrane Asymmetry...................................................................................................

Fluidity of Plasma Membrane.......................................................................................

Cell Coat....................................................................................................................

Biogenesis or Origin of Plasma Membrane .................................................................

Functions of Plasma Membrane....................................................................................

5. Membrane Functions: Cell Adhesion and Cell Junctions......

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMS) Cadherins, Integrins, Selectins

Immunoglobulins............................................................................................................

Cell Junctions...................................................................................................................

Desmosomes or Macula Adherens ..............................................................................

Belt Desomosomes or Zonula Adherens, Tight Junctions........................................

or Zonula Occuludens Gap Junctions (Nexus) ...........................................................

6. Transport Across Cell Membrane.........................................

Permeability and transport ............................................................................................

Transport Across Plasma Membrane.........................................................................

1. Osmosis .......................................................................................................................

2. Passive Transport.........................................................................................................

Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion.................................................................................

3. Active Transport.........................................................................................................

4. Transport of Ions........................................................................................................

5. Transport of Large Molecules....................................................................................

viii Contents

7. Cell Walls...............................................................................

Cell Walls..........................................................................................................................

Bacterial Cell Wall...........................................................................................................

Fungal Cell Wall ..............................................................................................................

Plant Cell Wall .................................................................................................................

Functions of Cell Wall.....................................................................................................

8. Cytoskeleton..........................................................................

Cytoskeleton.....................................................................................................................

1. Microfilaments.............................................................................................................

2. Intermediate Filaments (IFs).....................................................................................

3. Microtubules ...............................................................................................................

Motor Proteins or Molecular Motors......................................................................

9. Cell Signaling ........................................................................

Steps of Cell Signaling.....................................................................................................

Significance of Cell Signaling........................................................................................

Modes of Cell Signaling..................................................................................................

Signaling Molecules ........................................................................................................

Cell Surface Receptors....................................................................................................

Pathways of Intracellular Signal Transduction............................................................

10. Endomembrane System ........................................................

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)........................................................................................

Annulate Lamellae...........................................................................................................

Inter-relations of the Cell Membranes..........................................................................

Microsomes......................................................................................................................

11. Golgi Complex ......................................................................

History ..............................................................................................................................

Occurrence of Golgi Complex.......................................................................................

Morphology of Golgi Complex .....................................................................................

Membrane Flow in Golgi Complex...............................................................................

Membrane Recycling ......................................................................................................

Origin of Golgi Complex..............................................................................................

Functions of Golgi Complex..........................................................................................

12. Microbodies : Lysosomes, Peroxisomes and Glyoxisomes.....

Lysosomes (The Suicide Bags of Cell)...........................................................................

Peroxisomes......................................................................................................................

Glyoxysomes....................................................................................................................

Lysosomes in Plants

Spherosomes, Aleurone Grains, Vacuoles....................................................................

Contents ix

13. Vesicular Transport...............................................................

Vesicular Transport.....................................................................................................

Endocytic and Secretory Pathways...............................................................................

Protein Sorting and Vesicular Traffic from ER to Golgi.............................................

Transport from Trans Golgi Network........................................................................

Types of Secretory Pathways..........................................................................................

14. Cellular Energy Transections ...............................................

Cell and Energy ...........................................................................................................

Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions..........................................................................

Concept of Free Energy ..................................................................................................

Energy Flow and Laws of Thermodynamics................................................................

Energy Transformation in Living Systems.................................................................

Adensosine Triphosphate ...............................................................................................

15. Mitochondria ........................................................................

Ultrastructure of Mitochondria.....................................................................................

Electron Transport System (ETS) or Respiratory Chain............................................

Mitochondrial DNA........................................................................................................

Mitochondrial RNA......................................................................................................

Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis in Mitochondria....................................................

Semiautonomous Nature of Mictochondria (Symbiont Hypothesis).......................

Biogenesis of Mitochondria ...........................................................................................

Degeneration of Mitochondria......................................................................................

Functions of Mitochondria ............................................................................................

16. Cellular Respiration and Energy Production.....................

Cellular Respiration ........................................................................................................

Respiratory Substrate .....................................................................................................

Types of Cellular Respiration.........................................................................................

Mechanism of Respiration ..........................................................................................

Oxidation of Extramitochondrial NADH .................................................................

Some Other Pathways of Glucose Metabolism ...........................................................

Differences Between EMP, PPP and ED Pathways .....................................................

Glyoxylate Cycle .............................................................................................................

17. Plastids ................................................................................

Classification of Plastids.................................................................................................

Origin and Development of Plastids.............................................................................

Functions of Plastids.......................................................................................................

Chloroplasts .....................................................................................................................

The Photosynthetic Apparatus.......................................................................................

Mechanism of Photosynthesis.......................................................................................

Necessity of Two Photosystems...................................................................................

x Contents

Other Pathways of Fixation............................................................................................

Chloroplasts as Semiautonomous Organoids..............................................................

Symbiotic Origin of Chloroplasts..................................................................................

18. Ribosomes.............................................................................

Ultrastructure of Ribosomes.......................................................................................

Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Ribosomes, Ribosomal Proteins............................

Biogenesis of Ribosomes .............................................................................................

19. Centriole and Cell Centre .....................................................

Ultrastructure...................................................................................................................

Associated Structures of Centrioles..............................................................................

Chemical Composition of Centrioles

Functions........................................................................................................................

20. Extra-Cellular Structures......................................................

Cilia, Flagella and Basal Bodies.....................................................................................

Ultrastructure...................................................................................................................

Basal Bodies ..................................................................................................................

21. Interphase Nucleus...............................................................

Structure of Interphase Nucleus....................................................................................

1. Nuclear Envelope.........................................................................................................

2. Nucleoplasm or Nuclear Matrix................................................................................

3. Nucleolus......................................................................................................................

4. Chromatin or Nuclear Recticulum ..........................................................................

Euchromatin and Heterochromatin .......................................................................

22. Chromosomes .......................................................................

What are Chromosomes?...............................................................................................

Viral Chromosomes........................................................................................................

Prokaryotic Genome.......................................................................................................

Mitochondrial Chromosome.........................................................................................

ukaryotic Chromosomes...........................................................................................

Different Regions Recognized in Chromosomes........................................................

Molecular Organisation of Chromosomes...................................................................

Special Types of Chromosomes:....................................................................................

1. Lampbrush Chromosomes.........................................................................................

2. Polytene Chromosomes..............................................................................................

Physiology of Chromosomes.....................................................................................

23. Cell Division..........................................................................

Cell Cycle .........................................................................................................................

Check Points in Cell Cycle ...........................................................................................

Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF)...........................................................................

Cell Division.....................................................................................................................

Contents xi

1. Amitosis......................................................................................................................

2. Mitosis...........................................................................................................................

Energetics of Cell Division.........................................................................................

Meiosis........................................................................................................................

I. Heterotypic Division (Reduction Division)........................................................

II. Homeotypic Division............................................................................................

Salient Features of Meiosis ....................................................................................

Synapsis in Chromosomes.....................................................................................

24. Cell Growth, Cellular Ageing or Senescence and Cell Death

Cell Growth......................................................................................................................

Growth in Unicellular Organisms.................................................................................

Growth in Multicellular Organisms..............................................................................

Mechanism of Cell Growth.........................................................................................

Cell Types Based on Different Growth Patterns.........................................................

Cellular Ageing or Senescence.......................................................................................

Pace of Cellular Ageing...................................................................................................

Changes During Ageing .................................................................................................

Theories to Explain Cell Senescence.............................................................................

Regulation of Size of Cell................................................................................................

25. Cancer....................................................................................

What is Cancer?...............................................................................................................

Types of Cancers .............................................................................................................

Characteristics of Malignant Tumours .....................................................................

Characteristics of Cancer Cells...................................................................................

Causes of Carcinogenesis...............................................................................................

Theories of Caroinogenesis............................................................................................

26. Microscopy ............................................................................

Tools to Study Biology ....................................................................................................

Microscopy.......................................................................................................................

Light Microscope.............................................................................................................

Phase Constrast Microscope .........................................................................................

Differential Interference Microscopy............................................................................

Polarisation Microscope ................................................................................................

Ultraviolet Microscope ...................................................................................................

Fluorescent Microscopy...............................................................................................

Spectrophotometry .........................................................................................................

Electron Microscope .......................................................................................................

Principle

Types

Working of TEM

xii Contents

Working of SEM

Preparation of Material for Electron Microscope

X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy : Special Features .......................................................

27. Cytochemical Techniques.....................................................

Cytological Study of Preserved Cells............................................................................

Fixation.............................................................................................................................

Embedding .......................................................................................................................

Sectioning.........................................................................................................................

Staining ..........................................................................................................................

Morphological and Cytochemical Stains .....................................................................

28. Cell Separation and Cell Fractionation by

Centrifugation Flow Cytometry ...........................................

Cell Fractionation............................................................................................................

Tissue Homogenisation..................................................................................................

Centrifugation..................................................................................................................

Density Gradient Centrifugation ..................................................................................

Types of Centrifugation..................................................................................................

Ultracentrifugation..........................................................................................................

Centrifugal Elutriation .................................................................................................

Flow Cytometry...............................................................................................................

29. Molecular Separation by Chromatography..........................

Chromatography..........................................................................................................

Principle of Chromatography .......................................................................................

Applications of Chromatography..................................................................................

Types of Chromatography..............................................................................................

Column Chromatography..............................................................................................

Partition Chromatography............................................................................................

Paper Chromatography ..................................................................................................

Gas Chromatography......................................................................................................

Thin Layer Chromatography..........................................................................................

Gel Filtration Chromatography.....................................................................................

Ion Exchange Chromatography............................................................................

Dr. Veer Bala Rastogi

M.Sc. (Gold Medalist) Ph.D., F.A.Z.

Formerly Reader, Department of Zoology

Gargi College, University of Delhi, Delhi

Ex-Member,

Textbook Evaluation Committee

NCERT, New Delhi

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