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Oilseeds are an important group of crops in India, but >50% of the country's demand is met through import. Globally, the highest area is under soybean, followed by rapeseed-mustard, sunflower, and groundnut, but maximum edible oil is contributed by oil palm among oilseeds. Though India produces meagre amount of palm oil but consume >9.0 MT annually. India is one of the major oilseeds producers and importers in the world. India's vegetable oil economy is the world's fourth-largest after the USA, China and Brazil. The oilseed accounts for 13% of the gross cropped area, 3% of the gross national product, and 10% value of all agricultural commodities. The diverse agro-climatic conditions favour the cultivation of nine annual oilseed crops, which include seven edible oilseeds (soybean, groundnut, rapeseed & mustard, sunflower, sesame, safflower, and niger) and two non-edible oilseeds (castor and linseed) in India. Oilseeds cultivation is undertaken across the country in about 26.2 Mha predominantly under marginal soils, of which 72% is confined to rainfed conditions. The production and productivity of oilseed crops in India are 32.1 MT and 1225.0 kg/ha. Among the nine cultivated oilseed crops in India, soybean shares maximum acreage (36%) and production (39%). With low levels of input usage for oilseed crops, their productivity is also stagnating ~ 1.0 t/ha. On the other side, the increasing population pressure worldwide and declining resources due to overuse are causing many environmental problems, which has posed serious challenges to the sustainability of agriculture. These challenges are becoming more serious under the present scenario of global warming and clime change. The oilseed crops are also considered climate-smart crops and also have a lesser environmental footprint. The low level of input use and consequently poor oilseed productivity necessities adoption of improved cultivation. It has been proved from the large number of frontline demonstrations that a huge yield gap existed between oilseed yield at farmers' field and under improved cultivation in many states. It clearly means advanced agronomic management along with improved varieties is the need of the hour to enhance overall oilseed production in the country. The book contains eleven chapters covering the improved cultivation for soybean, rapeseed-mustard, groundnut, sesame, linseed, sunflower, safflower, niger, castor, and also oil palm. This compilation will be immensely useful for under and post graduate's agricultural students, farmers, extension workers and other stakeholders for achieving higher oilseed productivity and resource use efficiency.